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11.2 Movement

IB Syllabus Statements

Understandings:

  • Bones and exoskeletons provide anchorage for muscles and act as levers.

  • Synovial joints allow certain movements but not others.

  • Movement of the body requires muscles to work in antagonistic pairs.

  • Skeletal muscle fibres are multinucleate and contain specialized endoplasmic reticulum.

  • Muscle fibres contain many myofibrils.

  • Each myofibril is made up of contractile sarcomeres.

  • The contraction of the skeletal muscle is achieved by the sliding of actin and myosin filaments.

  • ATP hydrolysis and cross bridge formation are necessary for the filaments to slide.

  • Calcium ions and the proteins tropomyosin and troponin control muscle contractions.

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Applications and skills:

  • Application: Antagonistic pairs of muscles in an insect leg.

  • Skill: Annotation of a diagram of the human elbow.

  • Skill: Drawing labelled diagrams of the structure of a sarcomere.

  • Skill: Analysis of electron micrographs to find the state of contraction of muscle fibres.

Videos

Muscles and Joints (Part 1)

Muscles and Joints (Part 3)

Muscles and Crickets

Structure of Muscle Fibers

Muscles and Joints (Part 2)

Muscle Contraction - Actin and Myosin

Movement in Joints

Use of Fluourescence in Muscles

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Topic 11.2 Movement HookED SOLO Hexagons

Topic 11.2 Movement SSaQ (Syllabus Statement as Questions)

  • Explain the role of bones and exoskeletons in terms of anchorage and levers.

  • Explain how synovial joints allow certain movement but not others.

  • Explain why movement of the body requires muscles to work in antagonistic pairs.

  • Skeletal muscles fibers are multinucleate. Explain what this means.

  • Outline the role of the specialized endoplasmic reticulum within skeletal muscle fibers.

  • Outline the relationship between muscle fibers, myofibrils, and contractile sarcomeres.

  • Explain how contraction of skeletal muscle is achieved by the sliding of actin and myosin filaments.

  • Explain the role of ATP hydrolysis and cross bridge formation in muscle contraction.

  • Explain the roles of the following components in muscle contraction: calcium ions, tropomyosin, and troponin.

  • Outline how muscles in an insect leg function to bring about a “cricket hop”.

  • Explain how you would annotate a diagram of a human elbow and identify the following parts: cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, 3 different bones and 2 names of muscles.

  • Explain how you would identify and label the structures found in a sarcomere including the Z lines, actin and myosin filaments, and the light and dark bands.

  • Explain how fluorescent calcium ions could be used to study the cyclic interactions of muscle contraction.

  • Explain how you could analyze electron micrographs to determine the state of contraction of muscle fibers.

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