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11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation

IB Syllabus Statements

Understandings:

  • Animals are either osmoregulators or osmoconformers.

  • The Malpighian tubule system in insects and the kidney carry out osmoregulation and removal of nitrogenous wastes.

  • The composition of blood in the renal artery is different from that in the renal vein.

  • The ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule facilitate ultrafiltration.

  • The proximal convoluted tubule selectively reabsorbs useful substances by active transport.

  • The loop of Henle maintains hypertonic conditions in the medulla.

  • ADH controls reabsorption of water in the collecting duct.

  • The length of the loop of Henle is positively correlated with the need for water conservation in animals.

  • The type of nitrogenous waste in animals is correlated with evolutionary history and habitat.

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Applications and skills:

  • Application: Consequences of dehydration and overhydration.

  • Application: Treatment of kidney failure by hemodialysis or kidney transplant.

  • Application: Blood cells, glucose, proteins and drugs are detected in urinary tests.

  • Skill: Drawing and labelling a diagram of the human kidney.

  • Skill: Annotation of diagrams of the nephron.

Videos

Excretion and the Kidney Part 1

Excretion and the Kidney (Part 3)

Excretion and the Kidney (Part 5)

Nitrogenous Waste Products

Comparing Blood in Renal Arteries and Veins

Malpighian Tubules

Dehydrated or Overhydrated

Excretion and the Kidney (Part 2)

Excretion and the Kidney (Part 4)

Excretion and the Kidney (Part 6)

Osmoconformers and Osmoregulators

Treatment of Kidney Failure

Excretion and Water Conservation

Urine testing

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Topic 11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation HookED SOLO Hexagons

Topic 11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation SSaQ (Syllabus Statement as Questions)

  • Explain how desert animals prevent water loss in their wastes.

  • Compare osmoregulators to osmoconformers.

  • Explain how the Malpighian tubule system in insects and the kidney carry out osmoregulation and removal of nitrogenous wastes.

  • Compare the composition of blood in the renal artery to that in the renal vein.

  • Outline how the ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule facilitate ultrafiltration.

  • Outline the role of the proximal convoluted tubule.

  • Explain how hypertonic conditions in the medulla are maintained.

  • Explain the role of ADH.

  • Explain the correlation between the length of the loop of Henle and the need for water conservation in animals.

  • Explain the correlation between the type of nitrogenous waste in animals and evolutionary history and habitat.

  • Outline the consequences of dehydration and overhydration.

  • Explain how kidney failure may be treated by hemodialysis or kidney transplant.

  • What may be detected in urinary tests?

  • Explain how you would draw and label a diagram of the human kidney.

  • Explain how you would annotate diagrams of the nephron, including the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.

  • Explain the relationship between the nephron and the collecting duct.

  • Explain how kidney stones are removed.

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