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A.3 Perception of stimuli

IB Syllabus Statements

Understandings:

  • Receptors detect changes in the environment.

  • Rods and cones are photoreceptors located in the retina.

  • Rods and cones differ in their sensitivities to light intensities and wavelengths.

  • Bipolar cells send the impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells.

  • Ganglion cells send messages to the brain via the optic nerve.

  • The information from the right field of vision from both eyes is sent to the left part of the visual cortex and vice versa.

  • Structures in the middle ear transmit and amplify sound. Physics

  • Sensory hairs of the cochlea detect sounds of specific frequency.

  • Impulses caused by sound perception are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve.

  • Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect movement of the head.

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Applications and skills:

  • Application: Red-green colour-blindness as a variant of normal trichromatic vision.

  • Application: Detection of chemicals in the air by the many different olfactory receptors.

  • Application: Use of cochlear implants in deaf patients.

  • Skill: Labelling a diagram of the structure of the human eye.

  • Skill: Annotation of a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves.

  • Skill: Labelling a diagram of the structure of the human ear.

Videos

Stimulus, Response, Perception of Stimuli

Processing Visual Stimuli, Hermann Grid, Contra lateral processing

Photoreceptors

Olfactory Receptors

The Eye, Perception of Stimuli

The Ear Perception of Stimuli

Red-Green Colorblindness

Cochlear Implants

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Topic A.3 Perception of stimuli SSaQ (Syllabus Statement as Questions)

  • What was a benefit of discovering that electrical stimulation in the auditory system can create a perception of sound?

  • Explain the role of receptors, specifically mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and photoreceptors.

  • What are rods and cones, and where are they located?

  • Compare rods and cones regarding sensitivities to light intensities and wavelengths.

  • Outline the relationship between bipolar cells, rods and cones, ganglion cells, and the optic nerve.

  • Compare where information from the right field of vision from both eyes is sent, to information from the left field of vision.

  • Explain how structures in the middle ear transmit and amplify sound.

  • Explain the role of the sensory hairs of the cochlea.

  • Explain the role of the auditory nerve.

  • Explain the role of hair cells in the semicircular canals.

  • Explain an example of normal trichromatic vision.

  • Explain how different olfactory receptors detect chemicals in the air.

  • Outline how cochlear implants are used in deaf patients.

  • Explain how you would label a diagram of the structure of the human eye, including sclera, cornea, conjunctiva, eyelid, choroid, aqueous humour, pupil, lens, iris, vitreous humour, retina, fovea, optic nerve and blind spot.

  • Explain how you would annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves. Include rod and cone cells, bipolar neurons and ganglion cells.

  • Explain how you would label a diagram of the structure of the human ear, including pinna, eardrum, bones of the middle ear, oval window, round window, semicircular canals, auditory nerve and cochlea.

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